Last of Them All

After not having class for almost a week, we took a test! It's so exciting I know, especially because it was the last one before exams. Although I am glad we don't have to take anymore tests, I am dreading studying all week for final exams next week. Fun stuff!

The Importance of the Fall of Rome

The process of decline took place in three stages. First, there was a long time of turmoil known as the "crisis of the third century". During these years, the empire was beset by economic, military, and political problems.

Economic Decay:

Trade was disrupted by barbarian raids and by bands of pirates on Mediterranean sea lanes. Trade flowed over routes patrolled by Roman navies and armies. Treasuries were enriched by gold and silver collected as plunder; and the farms grew enough food to feed the population of the cities.

Inflation: increase in prices rapidly

Military Decay:

Tribes of northern barbarians called Goths repeatedly overran the legions guarding the Danube frontier. Asia minor was threatened by Persia. Roman soldiers now fought strictly for money, not for patriotism. They began to recruit barbarians who would accept lower pay. Loyalty in the barbarians was hard to find.

Political Decay:

 Political office had once been considered an honor. In the 200's, political leaders began to loose money because they usually lost money because they were required to pay for costly circuses and baths out of their own money.

*DIOCLETIAN*:

A.D. 284, Diocletian, an army leader and son of a slave, became emperor.        

• In A.D. 476, a barbarian king took over the rule of Rome

OUTDOORS

We went outside for class today! I don't think it was the best idea though. We had bugs and geese and apparently it was funny because the story was told to the others classes of the day. Using Roman government we looked at similarities and differences in theirs and our government. America is a lot like Rome.    

Empire or Republic?

After the world's easiest test on the Roman Empire's Emperors, we were told about a 'project' to do. We had to write about the Roman Republic and Empire. I'm almost finished! It'll be good to get it out of the way!

Religion in Ancient Rome

Christianity and Judaism- monotheistic

Romans had many gods, plus at times the emperor was viewed as one

AD 66: group of Jews called the Zealots tried to rebel, but roman troops put them down and burned their temple(except for the western wall).

Romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the emperor

Especially Christians, who were viewed as followers of a new, upstart religion (cult)

Often used for 'entertainment' purposes in the colosseum (thrown to the lions, etc..)

Despite the oppression, Christianity grew quickly- by AD 200, around 10% of the people in the Roman empire were Christians.

Roman VS Modern Time

Today we reviewed what we learned about the Roman Emperors. This slowly turned into a discussion that compared roman times and modern times.

Emperor's of Rome

Tiberius:

Was Roman Emperor from 14 AD to 37 AD.  His mother divorced his father and was remarried to Augustus in 39 BC, making him a step-son of Octavian. Tiberius would later marry Augustus' daughter Julia. He officially became a Julian, bearing the name Tiberius Julius Caesar. Tiberius was the stepson of Augustus and great-uncle of Caligula. Tiberius was one of Rome's greatest generals. He came to be remembered as a dark and somber ruler who never really desired to be emperor; Tiberius is considered to have lacked the political ability of his predecessor Augustus and was a jealous emperor; particularly distrustful of his popular general Germanicus. After the death of Tiberius’ son Drusus Julius Caesar in 23, the quality of his rule declined and ended in a terror. In 26, against better judgment, Tiberius exiled himself from Rome. Caligula, Tiberius' grand-nephew and adopted grandson, succeeded the emperor after his death.

Caligula:

Was Roman Emperor from 37 to 41. Caligula's father Germanicus, the nephew and adopted son of emperor Tiberius, was a very successful general and one of Rome's most beloved public figures. The young Gaius earned the nickname Caligula (meaning "little soldier's boot") from his father's soldiers while accompanying him during his campaigns in Germania. Caligula accepted the invitation to join the emperor on the island of Capri in 31. At the death of Tiberius in 37, Caligula succeeded his great-uncle and adoptive grandfather. Although he is described as a noble and moderate ruler during the first two years of his rule. After this, his cruelty and extravagance presented him as an insane tyrant. Caligula worked to increase the authority of the emperor. In early 41, Caligula was assassinated as the result of a conspiracy involving officers of the Praetorian Guard, as well as members of the Roman Senate and of the imperial court. On the same day, the Praetorian Guard declared Caligula's uncle Claudius emperor in his place.

Claudius:

Was Roman Emperor from 41 to 54 and was the first emperor to be born outside Italy. Afflicted with a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age, his family excluded him from the public until his nephew Caligula died in 37. Claudius probably saved himself from the fate of many other nobles during the purges of Tiberius' and Caligula's reigns. His survival led to his being declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard after Caligula's assassination, at which point he was the last adult male of his family.

Despite his lack of experience, Claudius proved to be an able and efficient emperor. He began the conquest of Britain. However, he was seen as vulnerable throughout his reign. Claudius was constantly forced to give up his position; this resulted in the deaths of many senators. These events damaged his reputation among the ancient writers, though more recent historians have revised this opinion. After his death in 54, his grand-nephew and adopted son Nero succeeded him as emperor.

Caligula

Caligula was just two when his father and his two older brothers died. His father was believed to have been poisoned by order of the Roman emperor. His brothers had more torturous deaths. The oldest boy starved and forced to eat his pillow. The other committed suicide and was then dragged through the streets of Rome. Twenty three years later, when Caligula was 25 he assumed the position as the Roman Emperor. Two years into his reign, he took an army and invaded England. The odd thing was that while on the beach he had the men collect seashells. Also during a important religious ceremony he was to kill an animal but instead turned and killed the priest. The man died instantly. Some people believe these are signs of Bi-Polar disorder.   

Roman ?Leaders?

Augustus who's real name is Octavius was emperor of Rome after Caesar was stabbed to death. He ended a century of civil war. Then came the feared Octavius who was stepson of Augustus. Although he acted like he didn't want to become emperor, inside he was wanting the power that was being bestowed before him. Augustus had another member of his family named Germanicus who was part of the military. He had a son and everyone in that legion called him "Caligula" which is Latin for boot and everyone loved him. But when the army started to retaliate against Tiberius, Germanicus's son and wife were told to leave. When the men saw this they stopped fighting and this allowed them to come back.          

Reviewwwwww

The class today was centered around us reviewing and checking our Greek and Roman test.

Friday

Today we took a test on Ancient Rome when Mr. Schick wasn't there.

POWER POINT!!!

The first latifundia were added from the spoils of war, Confiscated from farmers returning from the war beginning in the early 2nd century BC. The latifundia were the Roman estates. Only slaves worked the land, not the sturdy Roman farmers who had been in the Republic's army. They produced oil and wine for exportation. 

Tiberius and Gaius

Roman plebian nobles

Served as tribunes (elected officials in the Roman republic) in the 2nd century

Attempted to pass a land reform that would redistribute huge pieces of patrician land among the plebeians

Considered the founding fathers of socialism and populism

Both were assassinated for their attempts 

Roman Rap

CLEOPATRA - QUEEN OF EGYPT

MARC ANTHONY - MAJOR ROMAN GENERAL

JULIUS CAESER - ROMAN GENERAL AND STATESMEN

POMPEY - MILITARY AND POLITICAL LEADER

ROME - CAPITAL OF ROMAN REPUBLIC

LATIFUNDIA - LANDED ESTATES 

CALVARY - HORSE MOUNTED SOLDIERS 

CARTHAGE - THE PLACE THAT ROME FOUGHT IN THE PUNIC WARS

ETRUSCANS - ROMAN HEARTLAND ALSO KNOWN AS TUSCANY 

GRACCHUS - TWO ROMAN NOBLE BROTHERS INVOLVED IN POLITICS 

Roman Government

Today we spent class with Mr. Schick scaring us with tornado stories, had the lights flicker, and loud thunder. The main part of class though was talking about the Roman government and how it is similar and different to ours  in America.

Spread of Power

consul: either of the two chief magistrates of the ancient Roman republic.
veto: The power or right vested in one branch of a government to cancel or postpone the decisions, enactments, etc.
senate: an assembly or council of citizens having the highest deliberative functions in a government, especially a legislative assembly of a state or nation.
assembly: a group of persons gathered together, usually for a particular purpose, whether religious, political, educational, or social.
dictator: a person invested with supreme authority during a crisis, the regular magistracy being subordinated to him until the crisis was met.
mercenary: working or acting merely for money or other reward; venal. Hired to serve in a foreign army, guerrilla organization, etc.
..............

Roma

How did geography help Rome?- The Alps in the north, separate Italy from the rest of Europe.

Why was each of the following groups important to Rome's development?

(a)Latin's- Rome began as a settlement of Latin shepherds

(b) Greeks- Established colonies in the southern part of Italy.

[c] Etruscans- Northern Italy, had a writing system, roman buildings

What were the values of early Roman society?- Family ties, formed a republic, borrowed religious ideas, society was divided into classes 

(a) How was the Roman household organized?- The eldest man was in charge, he could sell/ kill anyone in the family without penalty.  

(b) What freedoms did women have in the family and in the society?- Ran the household, was a citizen. 

How was the army linked to Roman society?- Constant threat of war made the men have two jobs; farming and warriors. 

................................

Gravitas: Virtue on disipline, strength, and loyalty 
Republic: a state in which the head of government is not a monarch or other hereditary head of state.
Pater familias: Father of the house 
toga: cloak, clothing
patrician: a member of the original senatorial aristocracy in ancient Rome.
plebeian: belonging or pertaining to the common people.
legion: a division of the Roman army, usually comprising 3000 to 6000 soldiers. 
century: A fighting unit with 80 people. 

Testing our Knowledge

On Wednesday, before break, we took our test on Ancient Greece. I thought the test was pretty easy.

Test Ideas

In class today we reviewed all of our Greek topics and made up questions to put on the test.

Alexander the Great

Today in class we watched a movie on possibly the greatest fighter known, Alexander of Macedonia. We saw Alexander's childhood when his father purchases Bucephalus, Alexander's horse. He was only aloud to have the horse if he could tame it. Which he did in no time at all. It is thought that Alexander's father, Philip II of Macedon, was jealous of his son because Aristotle taught Alexander. Aristotle is one of the greatest minds ever. He learned about Greek culture, language, history, and battle tactics. Alexander became captain of the Macedonian army at the age of 16 after his father died. He also became ruler of Macedonia after his father died. The most significant battle Gaugamela was the bloodiest ever fought. It was against Darius III of Persia. Darius was said to have been responsible for Alexander's father's assassination and Alexander wanted revenge for it.  

Socrates/Pericles/Sparta

SOCRATES:

Unbelievably ugly

Didn't care about anything but the mind

Babylon was where everything (i.e. gods) started

The Greeks took the gods and made them reason

The birth of science: Thales  

Wrote about how to sail a boat at night by using the stars

Socrates used reason and logic to study people

He cares about the individual

Spent his days in conversation and walking

"The unexamined life is not worth living"

PERICLES:

One year into the war plague struck

Spread like wildfire

Redness and heat

Bodily fluids  

Pericles died in 429 B.C. from the plague

Linchpin

High profile people now scrambled to find a new leader

SPARTA:

Athenians win a navel battle

Navel leaders were put into jail

Didn't pick up the warriors after falling off of the boat during the war

They were to be tried and executed

The generals were condemned to death by drinking poisonous hemlock 

416 B.C.

A small Greek colony in Sicily asked for Athens help

They sent word back to Athens that they needed reinforcements then no news at all

A soldier returned to Athens and told people what had happened

One of greatest defeats in ancient history

Over 15,000 men had either been killed or taken prisoner

Pointless campaign

Athens enemies began to close in

• Persia
• Spartans

Egypt and other convoys couldn't get through to Athens so people started to starve

They turned to Athena  

404 B.C. Athens surrenders to Lysander, the Spartan leader

The walls were to be torn down and their fleet to be destroyed

Only 12 ships remained

Socrates was arrested for disrupting the religion

People cried when he was taking the poison

He was dying because of his principals

Athens was never a great Imperial power

The city became a place of intellectual study